Preparation for Characterization

1. References

1. Electrochemical Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Using a Co₂NiO₄ Catalyst: Effects of Alcohol Identity and Electrochemical Bias on Product Distribution ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 1, 515–529

2. Brunaeur−Emmet−Teller (BET)

The oxide samples were heated at 150 °C for 8–12 h to remove impurities, then immediately weighed, and transferred to the sample tube for measurement. The surface area was calculated with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method in the relative pressure range of 0.005–0.25 of adsorption data.^{[ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 1, 515–529]}

3. XPS

High-resolution spectra were collected with a pass energy of 20 eV and a step size of 0.1 eV. The XPS peak positions were calibrated according to the sp² C 1s peak from adventitious carbon centered at 284.8 eV. XPS data analysis was processed using CasaXPS version 2.3.17 (Casa Software Ltd). Peaks in the XPS high-resolution were fit to symmetric Voight line shapes composed of 10% Gaussian and 90% Lorentzian functions with a Shirley background.^{[ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 1, 515–529]}